Unit load devices, or ULDs, are essential components of air freight transportation. They assist in transporting different kinds of cargo, which are packaged in various pallet and container types.
ULDs have various advantages, which is why many business sectors use them. They allow goods to be loaded ahead of time, save labour expenses for loading and unloading, and provide operators with assurances while in transit. So, let’s explore its varieties, applications, and more, from fundamental classifications and requirements to identifying guidelines and business advantages.
What is a ULD Container in Air Transport?
A ULD is a container for cargo loading, mail sorting, baggage organisation, and flight safety. The aircraft cargo loading system (CLS) can quickly secure an aircraft container, pallet, and net. Like every other component of an aeroplane, ULDs are governed by standards for safety.
Since the late 1950s, ULDs have been essential to the efficiency and safety of air travel. After the International Air Transport Association (IATA) emphasised its significance at the 2010 World Cargo Symposium, the IATA ULD Safety Campaign was launched in 2016, and the IATA ULD Regulations were first published in 2013. There is a growing recognition of the relationship between safe ULD operations and flight safety.
By grouping and preparing freight in the warehouse and preventing loss and damage to the contents, ULDs reduce the need for human loading and unloading. Because of their contour-fitting shape, ULDs maximise available capacity and facilitate cargo transfers between aeroplanes and transport modes quickly. They are efficient in moving mail, freight, machinery, and bags. Improved weight and balance management, faster loading times, and cheaper labour costs are just a few advantages that ULDs offer, depending on their size, for both wide-body and narrow-body aircraft.
Specialised ULDs move unique goods, such as clothing hanger containers and temperature-controlled, fire-resistant horse stables. ULDs are primarily used to secure weights for the duration of the flight, just like seat belts secure people, protecting the aircraft and guaranteeing a balanced flight.
Types of ULD Containers and Their Importance
There are two types of ULDs:
ULD Containers
ULD containers, also known as PMCs, cans, bins, or pods, are big, robust boxes used to move cargo between warehouses and aircraft. These containers, which are usually built of aluminium, guarantee the security of the cargo while it is being loaded and unloaded.
ULD containers are the best option for delivering heavy loads and fragile goods because of their excellent protection. They protect against environmental risks and unauthorised entry while facilitating quicker loading and unloading procedures. There is no need for additional packaging while loading cargo into ULD containers. Therefore, corner guards and further wrapping are unnecessary.
Importance of Containers:
- Cargo is well protected by containers because of their sturdy and long-lasting design.
- They guarantee the cargo’s security while it is being transported.
- Logistics are made simpler by the ease of transporting containers to warehouses.
ULD Pallets
ULD pallets, sometimes referred to as “cookie sheets,” are flat aluminium sheets with netting to hold cargo in place securely. They are made to exact measurements to satisfy specific requirements and are available in various configurations, such as single-layer and double-layer designs.
ULD pallets have several benefits, including their lightweight design, which lowers expenses and labour needs. They can carry larger loads, which is especially helpful for moving heavy goods that would not fit within regular containers. Because their flat design permits flexible organisation within the aircraft, ULD pallets provide space-saving advantages.
Importance of Pallets:
- Pallets take less labour since they are lightweight, which makes them easier to handle.
- When compared to containers, they are more affordable.
- Pallets provide flexibility in cargo handling and are utilised for individual freight demands.
Most common pallets and containers:
The LD3
- Description: The most common ULD container. Suitable for most widebody Airbus and Boeing aircraft and smaller planes from various manufacturers.
- IATA ULD Codes: AKE, DKE, MKE, QKE, RKE
- Aircraft Suitability: A300, A310, A330, A340, A380, B747, B767, B777, B787, DC-10, and others
- Maximum Gross Weight: 1,588 kg
- Volume: 4.3 m³
The LD3 Reefer
- Description: A temperature-controlled version of the LD3. It has a 70-hour battery life, maintaining temperatures between -30°C and +50°C.
- IATA ULD Code: RKN
- Aircraft Suitability: B747, B767, B777, DC-10, MD-11 lower hold
- Maximum Gross Weight: 1,588 kg
- Volume: 4.5 m³
The LD7
- Description: A double-width flat pallet and net with or without angled wings for various aircraft.
- IATA ULD Code: P1P pallet
- Aircraft Suitability: B747, B777, B787, DC-10, MD-11 lower holds
- Maximum Gross Weight: 5,000 kg
- Volume: 14.0 m³
The LD9
- Description: A rectangular multi-purpose container, fully enclosed or with a mesh netting front.
- IATA ULD Codes: AAZ, AAP, RAZ, RAP
- Aircraft Suitability: A300, A310, A340, B747, B767, B777, B787, DC-10, MD-11
- Maximum Gross Weight: 6,000 kg
- Volume: 9.8 m³
PMC/P6P
- Description: A universal flat pallet for general use. It can be used on lower hold and main decks of various Boeing and Airbus aircraft.
- IATA ULD Codes: P6C, P6P, PQP, PMC, PMP
- Aircraft Suitability: A300, A310, A340, B747, B767, B777, B787, DC-10, MD-11
- Maximum Gross Weight: 6,800 kg
- Volume: 11.5 m³ – 21.2 m³
PGA
- Description: A heavy-duty flat pallet with mesh netting designed for oversized cargo due to its increased strength and durability.
- IATA ULD Codes: P7A, P7E, P7F, PSG, PGE, PGA
- Aircraft Suitability: B747-MD
- Maximum Gross Weight: 11,340 kg
- Volume: 21.2 m³
What is a Certified ULD Container?
When operating an aircraft in harsh flying circumstances, certified ULDs must be utilised. These ULDs must be secured to the hold floor. Certain exceptions to the rule that most ULD containers are made and marketed as certified ULDs exist.
Non-certified ULDs may be employed on aeroplanes with hold structures that can survive the stresses from the contents during harsh flying circumstances. No aviation authority has tested or given it its approval.
Many ULDs are moved between planes and airlines before arriving at their destination, even though airlines may establish their regulations regarding ULDs. It’s crucial to remember that damaged pallets or ULDs shouldn’t be utilised for aeroplane loading, approved or not.
How are ULD Containers Used?
ULD containers are used to transport baggage and cargo on aircraft. Here’s how they’re used:
- Examination Before Use: Every ULD must be inspected for damage before loading.
- Loading Guidelines: Pack the goods and bags equally to keep the centre of gravity constant.
- Secure Closure: The container door has to be shut firmly once it has been loaded.
- Manufacturer’s Plate: Every ULD must have a readable manufacturer’s plate for use in flight.
- Security Precautions: Doors to containers must always be shut firmly or sufficiently secured.
- Prohibited Actions: Unauthorised repairs or modifications to ULDs are not allowed.
The loading and unloading process follows a similar checklist, like:
- Pre-Loading Check: Make sure the ULD is in good condition before loading.
- Rain Protection: If needed, you may use tape to cover the container with plastic sheets.
- Cargo Stacking: When feasible, cargo should be interlocked and arranged uniformly.
- Weight Distribution: Avoid loading heavy items onto the container’s outboard area.
- Checking the Contours: Make sure the loaded ULD fits inside the contour assigned to it.
- Cargo Nets: When using cargo nets, ensure they are correctly fitted, not too tight, but just right.
- Preventive Measures: When handling ULDs, refrain from using blades or undue force.
Handling and storage procedures include:
- Dolly Support: ULDs must always be supported and handled by dollies or roller beds.
- Forklift Handling: Unless specifically instructed by the design, avoid handling forklifts.
- Storage Recommendations: To avoid damage, empty ULDs should be stored properly.
- Pallet Stacking: To avoid damaging cargo netting, pallets must be stacked carefully.
- Accessory Items: It is recommended that tie-down fittings and cargo straps be utilised in accordance with recommendations.
Safety precautions are crucial because:
- Safety Risks: There are serious safety risks from damaged or incorrectly loaded ULDs.
- Correct processes: Following proper processes is critical for preventing safety breaches.
- Safety Culture: A safety culture and strict adherence to regulations are required to reduce hazards.
Following the correct protocols and safety precautions ensures the safe and effective use of ULD containers in air transport.
What are ULD Regulations?
Unit load devices (ULDs) are subject to ULD rules, which provide standardised worldwide operations and handling protocols. Whether the airline, airport, or freight forwarder handles the ULDs, they ensure constant adherence to the safety rules. A few ULD rules that you should be aware of are listed below:
ULD Training
- Regulations: IATA ULDR requires all ULD operations or management staff to complete initial and ongoing training.
- Training Standards: Whether provided by airlines or non-airline organisations, training must be appropriate for the roles and responsibilities of the persons involved.
- Regulatory Oversight: The significance of training for safe ULD operations is emphasised by regulatory authorities like the FAA, EASA, and others.
- Implications for Safety: Adequate training guarantees serviceability, reduces the danger to passengers, crew, and aircraft, and prevents damage to ULDs.
Components of ULD Regulations
- Technical and Operational Standards: These include airline standards, technical specifications, and operational recommendations.
- Compliance and Reference Manual: All parties participating in ULD activities must adhere to the regulations included in this comprehensive reference, the ULD Regulations Manual.
Operator’s Responsibilities
- Defined Criteria: Based on the ULD Regulations Manual, operators, including carriers, are assigned certain duties, such as supervising handling procedures and keeping up with operating manuals.
- Incident Reporting: Operators are required to report occurrences to the Quality Control department for investigation and correction.
Safety Management System
- Ensuring Safety: Operators must implement a safety management system to maintain safety standards, check them often, and work toward continuous improvement.
Responsibilities of Other Parties
- Wide Range of Entities: Several parties handle ULDs, and each has certain duties. These parties include ground handling agents, civil aviation authorities, and ULD producers.
- List of Parties Involved: Manufacturers of aircraft and cargo loading systems, operators of cargo terminals, freight forwarders, customs brokers, and others are included as parties involved.
Limitations on ULD Loading
- Structural Capacity: ULDs have to follow the certified structural capabilities of the aircraft.
- Maximum Gross Mass (MGW): The weight of each ULD cannot be greater than what is permitted for that ULD’s place in the cargo hold of the aeroplane.
- Additional Restrictions: These consist of constraints related to area load, linear load, the centre of gravity, cargo loading system (CLS), and aircraft contour.
Classification of ULDs
- Certified ULDs: Those whose aviation safety has been confirmed by civil aviation authorities.
- Non-Certified Containers: Does not include pallets and nets, which need permission from the relevant government.
- ULD Accessories: These come in certified and non-certified varieties.
Identification of ULDs
- IATA ULD ID Code: A special code that is given to every ULD to help in information sharing.
- Code Structure: This section contains the serial number, owner code, and ULD type code, which provide special information about the ULD.
ULD Specifications
- Technical Specifications: Address airworthiness, design, and test needs to ensure compliance with aviation safety regulations.
- Operating Specifications: List the recommended procedures for preventing damage to ULDs and aircraft according to international standards and civil aviation laws.
Markings on ULDs
- Compliance with Regulations: ULD markings, except for the identification code, must adhere to IATA regulations for easy information exchange.
- Purpose of Markings: Indicate ownership, provide essential information, and facilitate information exchange during transfers.
Documentation Requirements
- Regulatory Compliance: Proper documentation must be maintained to meet regulatory flight safety requirements.
- Responsibility: Documentation must be readily available at sites preparing ULDs for aircraft loading.
Handling Guidelines
- Covered Areas: The guidelines encompass continuing airworthiness, storage, transport, transfer, build-up and break-down, and particular-purpose ULD handling.
- Target Audience: Intended for organisations and personnel involved in ground handling of aircraft ULDs.
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Conclusion
ULDs, or unit load devices, are essential to air freight operations. They guarantee the safe arrival of cargo by facilitating the quick movement of freight between planes. The effectiveness of ULDs helps importers and exporters by maximising space use and reducing handling expenses. These tools, sometimes disregarded, are essential to ensuring the efficient running and financial sustainability of air freight operations and the prompt and safe delivery of goods.
